EL INSTRUCTOR DE PRÁCTICA DEPORTIVA, INCIDENCIA EN EL PROCESO DE ACTUALIZACIÓN DEL MODELO ECONÓMICO CUBANO

El trabajo muestra resultados preliminares de una investigación bibliográfica relacionada con la implementación del trabajo por cuenta propia en la actividad física, responde a insuficiencias organizativas para articular los medios y fuerzas con que cuenta el territorio en función de dar solución a problemas económico, político y social. Surge de un proceso de reflexión sobre los efectos de la actualización del modelo económico cubano para afrontar en mejores condiciones los desafíos de la Revolución y la nación, plasmados en el Plan Nacional de Desarrollo Económico y Social hasta 2030: Propuesta de Visión de la Nación, Ejes y Sectores Estratégicos, aprobados en el VII Congreso del PCC. La metodología general de la investigación se sustenta en el análisis documental, facilitando la sistematización de los documentos normativos que regulan el ejercicio del trabajo por cuenta propia, así como de los referentes teórico-metodológicos relacionados con el tema. Un primer acercamiento a los resultados, demostró que existen problemáticas propias de la dinámica de la implementación de esta nueva política de empleo en la actividad física: Falta de relaciones de trabajo entre las Instituciones Estatales y estos trabajadores; carencia de una preparación, capacitación o superación; el conocimiento o especialización, no constituye una exigencia entre los requisitos para ejercer la actividad, insuficiente visión estratégica para apoyar al Cuenta Propia; inadecuada planificación y dosificación de la actividad física dirigido a los practicantes; existencia de prácticas inadecuadas (uso, o intento de uso, de sustancias o métodos prohibidos; administrar o intentar administrar sustancias o métodos prohibidos) en estas instalacione

Theropod, sauropod and thyreophoran footprints (Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous) found in Moscardón (Teruel, Spain)

Se citan por primera icnitas de dinosaurio en la localidad de Moscardón (Teruel). Son cuatro icnitas (contramoldes) impresas por cuatro dinosaurios diferentes. Se sitúan los tres nuevos yacimientos y se describen los contramoldes encontrados. El resultado ha sido la identificación de una icnita terópoda, dos saurópodas y una de estegosaurio, y el reconocimiento de estructuras particulares en las tres últimas que hay permitido analizar ciertos detalles relativos al movimiento de los pies y a la deformación de almohadillas dactilaresIn this work, dinosaur footprints, from the village of Moscardón (Teruel) are cited for the first time They are four footprints (natural casts) imprinted by four different dinosaurs.We place the three new sites and we describe the natural casts found. The result has been the identification of one theropod, two sauropod and a stegosaur ichnites, and the recognition of special structures in the last three, which have allowed us to analyse certain details on foot movement and deformation of digital pad

El Rompido (Aguilar del Alfambra). A tracksite with dinosaur footprints from the Villar del Arzobispo Fm. Teruel

En las proximidades de Aguilar del Alfambra, se ha encontrado un nuevo yacimiento con icnitas de dinosaurio. En él hay huellas sin identificar además de otras terópodas y saurópodas muy pequeñas que probablemente pertenecen a dos grupos o pequeñas manadas. El afloramiento también contiene dos huellas enormes, probablemente saurópodas y no relacionadas con las demás. Las icnitas terópodas se imprimieron sobre las saurópodas, y muestran además estructuras típicas del movimiento de la parte distal de los dedos y de las uñas en el intervalo en el que el pie está abandonando el contacto con el suelo (Fase K). El yacimiento está en una trinchera muy antigua empleada probablemente para beneficio de arcillas y limos rojos. Casi todas las icnitas están en sectores distintos del yacimiento. Solo las supuestas saurópodas grandes están, cada una en un sectorIn the proximities of Aguilar del Alfambra’s village, has been found a new dinosaur tracksite in the Villar del Arzobispo Formation. The ichnological content is composed of: a) very small theropod and sauropod footprints that probably belong to two different dinosaur herds or groups; b) two enormous probably sauropod prints, not related with the previous ones; and c) two groups of enigmatic ichnites. The theropod prints were printed on the sauropods, and they show typical structures of the movement of the nails and distal part of the toes in the phase in which the foot leaves the ground contact (Phase K). The tracksite is in a very old trench excavated probably for benefit of red clays and silt. Almost all the footprints (theropod and small sauropods) are repeated in the different outcrops of the tracksite. Only the two big supposed sauropod footprints are, each in an outcro

Marcas de cola de cocodrilos y huellas de dinosaurio. Bathoniense?-Calloviense. Imilchil. Alto Atlas Central. Marruecos

Three types of ichnites from a new site discovered in Imilchil were studied and described. The structures of pes and manus prints and tail traces of tetrapods provide data to separate: real ichnites (theropod footprints and crocodile tail drag marks); and sauropod’ subtraces. Most of the theropod footprints are deformed by collapse of their walls, the sauropod subtraces show the strong deformation of about ten well-stratified sedimentary levels. The surface on which we can see theropod and crocodile ichnites is the tracking surface, i. e. the original surface on which they were printedSe estudian tres tipos de icnitas de un nuevo yacimiento descubierto en Imilchil. Las estructuras de las huellas de pies, manos y cola de tetrápodos proporcionan datos para separar: icnitas reales (pisadas terópodas y marcas de arrastre de cola de cocodrilos) y calcos saurópodos? La mayor parte de las huellas terópodas están deformadas por colapso de sus paredes, y las subhuellas saurópodas muestran la fuerte deformación de unos diez niveles sedimentarios bien estratificados. La superficie en la que se encuentran las huellas terópodas y las icnitas de cocodrilo son la superficie de marcha, es decir la superficie original sobre las que se imprimiero

Horizontal Accessibility: Novelties from new ceramic Pavements

Los bienes patrimoniales deben ser conservados pero muchos de ellos presentan barreras de acceso, lo que impide cumplir el derecho de las personas a acceder al patrimonio como parte fundamental de la cultura. Para ello son necesarios los productos y sistemas adecuados para garantizar un acceso seguro y confortable a los monumentos, de forma no discriminatoria, para todos los ciudadanos, y de forma compatible con el bien cultural y reversible, tanto en las fases de conservación, como en la de “explotación” del patrimonio existente. En este contexto se han desarrollado soluciones para la accesibilidad horizontal, consistentes en estructuras ligeras con pavimentos de gres porcelánico, que permiten incluir elementos de información y orientación sobre el bien patrimonial con un impacto reducido, mediante la utilización de técnicas de impresión digital sobre la superficie de las baldosas cerámicas. Un sistema que mejora la accesibilidad distinguiendo la intervención respecto del original gracias al acabado estético diferenciado y considerando: seguridad, accesibilidad y cargas asociadas al uso. Además, se han incluido requisitos emocionales y funcionales de los usuarios, debido a que en un sistema de pavimentación deben considerarse especialmente los requisitos derivados de las diferentes formas de movilidad, marcha humana tanto normal como patológica, con sillas de ruedas, etc. Dichos requisitos se han definido teniendo especialmente en cuenta al usuario. El presente artículo desarrollado en el marco del proyecto PATRAC2 presenta los requisitos obtenidos y la definición de los sistemas de pavimentación mediante el caso de estudio de la Mezquita del Cristo de la Luz en Toledo, donde se plantea una posible solución para la accesibilidad horizontal

A protective personal factor against disability and dependence in the elderly: an ordinal regression analysis with nine geographically-defined samples from Spain

Background: Sense of Coherence (SOC) is defined as a tendency to perceive life experiences as comprehensible, manageable and meaningful. The construct is split in three major domains: Comprehensibility, Manageability, and Meaningfulness. SOC has been associated with successful coping strategies in the face of illness and traumatic events and is a predictor of self-reported and objective health in a variety of contexts. In the present study we aim to evaluate the association of SOC with disability and dependence in Spanish elders. Methods: A total of 377 participants aged 75 years or over from nine locations across Spain participated in the study (Mean age: 80.9 years; 65.3% women). SOC levels were considered independent variables in two ordinal logistic models on disability and dependence, respectively. Disability was established with the World health Organization-Disability Assessment Schedule 2.0 (36-item version), while dependence was measured with the Extended Katz Index on personal and instrumental activities of daily living. The models included personal (sex, age, social contacts, availability of an intimate confidant), environmental (municipality size, access to social resources) and health-related covariates (morbidity). Results: High Meaningfulness was a strong protective factor against both disability (Odds Ratio [OR] = 0.50; 95% Confidence Interval [CI] = 0.29-0.87) and dependence (OR = 0.33; 95% CI = 0.19-0.58) while moderate and high Comprehensibility was protective for disability (OR = 0.40; 95% CI = 0.22-0.70 and OR = 0.39; 95% CI = 0.21-0.74), but not for dependence. Easy access to social and health resources was also highly protective against both disability and dependence. Conclusions: Our results are consistent with the view that high levels of SOC are protective against disability and dependence in the elderly. Elderly individuals with limited access to social and health resources and with low SOC may be a group at risk for dependence and disability in Spain

Two-photon neuronal and astrocytic stimulation with azobenzene-based photoswitches

This is an open access article published under an ACS AuthorChoice License. See Standard ACS AuthorChoice/Editors' Choice Usage Agreement - https://pubs.acs.org/page/policy/authorchoice_termsofuse.htmlSynthetic photochromic compounds can be designed to control a variety of proteins and their biochemical functions in living cells, but the high spatiotemporal precision and tissue penetration of two-photon stimulation have never been investigated in these molecules. Here we demonstrate two-photon excitation of azobenzene-based protein switches and versatile strategies to enhance their photochemical responses. This enables new applications to control the activation of neurons and astrocytes with cellular and subcellular resolution

Prevalence of dementia and major dementia subtypes in Spanish populations: A reanalysis of dementia prevalence surveys, 1990-2008

Background This study describes the prevalence of dementia and major dementia subtypes in Spanish elderly. Methods We identified screening surveys, both published and unpublished, in Spanish populations, which fulfilled specific quality criteria and targeted prevalence of dementia in populations aged 70 years and above. Surveys covering 13 geographically different populations were selected (prevalence period: 1990-2008). Authors of original surveys provided methodological details of their studies through a systematic questionnaire and also raw age-specific data. Prevalence data were compared using direct adjustment and logistic regression. Results The reanalyzed study population (aged 70 year and above) was composed of Central and North-Eastern Spanish sub-populations obtained from 9 surveys and totaled 12,232 persons and 1,194 cases of dementia (707 of Alzheimer's disease, 238 of vascular dementia). Results showed high variation in age- and sex-specific prevalence across studies. The reanalyzed prevalence of dementia was significantly higher in women; increased with age, particularly for Alzheimer's disease; and displayed a significant geographical variation among men. Prevalence was lowest in surveys reporting participation below 85%, studies referred to urban-mixed populations and populations diagnosed by psychiatrists. Conclusion Prevalence of dementia and Alzheimer's disease in Central and North-Eastern Spain is higher in females, increases with age, and displays considerable geographic variation that may be method-related. People suffering from dementia and Alzheimer's disease in Spain may approach 600,000 and 400,000 respectively. However, existing studies may not be completely appropriate to infer prevalence of dementia and its subtypes in Spain until surveys in Southern Spain are conductedFinancial aid was obtained from the Spanish RECSP C03-09, CIEN C03-06 and CIBERNED networks, and from the Pfizer Foundation in particularS

Rationally designed azobenzene photoswitches for efficient two-photon neuronal excitation

Manipulation of neuronal activity using two-photon excitation of azobenzene photoswitches with near-infrared light has been recently demonstrated, but their practical use in neuronal tissue to photostimulate individual neurons with three-dimensional precision has been hampered by firstly, the low efficacy and reliability of NIR-induced azobenzene photoisomerization compared to one-photon excitation, and secondly, the short cis state lifetime of the two-photon responsive azo switches. Here we report the rational design based on theoretical calculations and the synthesis of azobenzene photoswitches endowed with both high two-photon absorption cross section and slow thermal back-isomerization. These compounds provide optimized and sustained two-photon neuronal stimulation both in light-scattering brain tissue and in Caenorhabditis elegans nematodes, displaying photoresponse intensities that are comparable to those achieved under one-photon excitation. This finding opens the way to use both genetically targeted and pharmacologically selective azobenzene photoswitches to dissect intact neuronal circuits in three dimensions

Stroke prevalence among the Spanish elderly: an analysis based on screening surveys

BACKGROUND: This study sought to describe stroke prevalence in Spanish elderly populations and compare it against that of other European countries. METHODS: We identified screening surveys -both published and unpublished- in Spanish populations, which fulfilled specific quality requirements and targeted prevalence of stroke in populations aged 70 years and over. Surveys covering seven geographically different populations with prevalence years in the period 1991–2002 were selected, and the respective authors were then asked to provide descriptions of the methodology and raw age-specific data by completing a questionnaire. In addition, five reported screening surveys in European populations furnished useful data for comparison purposes. Prevalence data were combined, using direct adjustment and logistic regression. RESULTS: The overall study population, resident in central and north-eastern Spain, totalled 10,647 persons and yielded 715 cases. Age-adjusted prevalences, using the European standard population, were 7.3% for men, 5.6% for women, and 6.4% for both sexes. Prevalence was significantly lower in women, OR 0.79 95% CI 0.68–0.93, increased with age, particularly among women, and displayed a threefold spatial variation with statistically significant differences. Prevalences were highest, 8.7%, in suburban, and lowest, 3.8%, in rural populations. Compared to pooled Spanish populations, statistically significant differences were seen in eight Italian populations, OR 1.39 95%CI (1.18–1.64), and in Kungsholmen, Sweden, OR 0.40 95%CI (0.27–0.58). CONCLUSION: Prevalence in central and north-eastern Spain is higher in males and in suburban areas, and displays a threefold geographic variation, with women constituting the majority of elderly stroke sufferers. Compared to reported European data, stroke prevalence in Spain can be said to be medium and presents similar age- and sex-specific traits